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The name "Tex-Mex" is a combination of "Texas" and "Mexico." It's used to describe a cuisine which is an Americanized form of Mexican cooking -- or more precisely, Mexican food, largely from northern Mexico as it has come to be made in Texas. Or, as some wags have put it, Mexican food for gringos.

The term, and the food, conjure up images of the Wild West in people's minds. It's an inexpensive, simple-to-make, informal cuisine -- a lot of it you even eat with your hands.

It draws on the main ingredients of Mexican cooking, leaving off the more challenging stuff such as insects, and adds a heavier emphasis on meat. Many dishes that many people think of as Mexican are actually Tex-Mex, and don't exist in Mexican cooking proper:

• Chili con carne;
• Chili con queso;
• Chimichangas;
• Fajitas;
• Hard-shell tacos;
• Margaritas;
• Nachos;
• Tortilla chips as a starter.

As people's taste buds have changed over the years, restaurants have been able to deliver tastes closer to actual Mexican.

In Texas from the 1900s to about the 1960s, restaurants might have promised "authentic Mexican food" to get customers in, but the authenticity might have ended at the kitchen staff being Mexican. Out in the dining room, they were smart enough to serve the customers a version of Mexican that they would actually eat. Not only that, but they had to adopt recipes anyway to what ingredients they could actually source. Goat, for instance, was out, both on the basis of trying to find it anywhere, and trying to persuade people to eat it.

Some of the earliest English-speaker's takes on Mexican food gave Tex-Mex a particularly bad name:

• Chili gravy - a thick brown gravy with Mexican spices in it used to top tamales with, created in restaurants that catered to English speakers;
• Individually wrapped tamales evolved into "tamale pies", made in a pie pan with a layer of corn meal mush on the bottom and on the top;
• Salsa that was basically spaghetti sauce;
• Hamburger instead of pieces of beef;
• Processed American cheddar cheese;
• Cornmeal in place of masa harina.

Some argue that you should give Tex-Mex a miss altogether; that you can get more authentic Mexican food in Chicago than in Houston. It's because Mexican immigrants arriving in places such as Chicago started serving a clientele with no preconceived ideas about what Mexican food was -- so the Mexican cooks were able to cook real Mexican food. For instance, they are able to serve goat, which doesn't fly in Texas. And in Texas, the hold-back is as likely to be the Spanish-speaking community there, saying, "oh this is what we feed the gringos here, just do as you are told and chop."

The point that is often missed, however, is that Tex-Mex has now evolved into a fusion food all its own, not to be judged perhaps by either Mexican or American standards, but enjoyed in its own right.

History
Mexican street food was available in Texas from the mid-1800s on. From 1907 to 1910, restrictive health laws drove most of the street vendors out of business, but Mexican restaurants sprang up instead. One of the earliest restaurants in Texas was called the "Original Mexican Restaurant". It opened on Fannin Street in Houston in 1908.

In the 1870s, a canned "chili con carne" product hit the market called "Montezuma Sauce". It was chili with goat meat in it. It disappeared from the market in a short time, as no one would eat goat meat.

When chili powder mix appeared on the market in 1894, that was a definite sign -- some food writers now observe -- that the "Tex" part was influencing the "Mex" part.

The term "Tex Mex" has been around since at least the early 1880s, though it was applied to anything but food.

• There's an 1882 reference to a boat called "The Tex Mex":

"The steam lighters Daniel Peggotty, Yuttle and J.W. Allison, the barges Paul and Relief, and the steam tug Index, besides the large sailing lighter Tex-Mex...."

-- D.F.M. Letter from Aransas Wharf, St Josephs Island. Galveston, Texas. The Galveston News. 29 April 1882. Page 4.

• The Tex Mex Railway:

Around the same time, the Tex Mex Railway appeared. In 1881, the "Corpus Christi San Diego and Rio Grande Railroad" railway was renamed the "Texas Mexican Railway Company". By 1885, it was being referred to in the press as the "Tex Mex Railway". ("Green v.s. N.Y. and Tex. Mex. Ry. company." -- "In the Courts" column. Galveston, Texas: The Galveston Daily News. 31 October 1885. Page 8.)

• By the 1920s, it was apparently applied to people as well:

"Q. What are Tex-Mex?—B. R.
A. Texas-born Mexicans sometimes are known locally as Tex-Mex." -- "Answers to your Questions" column. Newark, Ohio. The Newark Advocate. 19 September 1928. Page 4.

• From the 1920s onwards, the term "Tex Mex" was used to apply to a lot of things -- Tex-Mex Cement Company, Tex-Mex Institute, etc.

• By 1952, it was being used as the name of a brand of tomato purée, and for a variety of onion.

• In 1957, the Galveston News Tribune printed a recipe for "Tex Mex Enchiladas", which is the earliest reference Practically Edible has found so far of the term "Tex Mex" being applied to a food dish that we would now think of as Tex Mex (see Literature & Lore section below.)

Awareness of it as a separate cuisine worthy of promotion started in the early 1970s. The differences between it and Mexican food were outlined in "The Cuisines of Mexico" by Diana Kennedy in 1972. Before Diana, it was just thought of as Mexican food (in the same way that popular "Chinese" food in North America and in the UK is thought of as Chinese, even though it really isn't).

Some "Mexican" restaurants in Texas didn't like the term at first; they took it as a slight, meaning "fake Mexican". But outside of Texas, the term actually proved a marketing success. In the 1980s in Paris, France, Tex-Mex became a popular food trend. At which point in time, of course, they adopted the moniker with pride.

In fact, Tex-Mex food has stayed popular in Paris. Possibly the first Tex-Mex restaurant in Paris was "The Studio", opened in March 1983 by Claude Benayoun. Ingredients of the cuisine such as chili and tequila were popularized in the 1986 French film called "Betty Blue". By the late 1980s, there were 12 Tex-Mex restaurants in Paris; by 1993, around 60.

In the 1990s, Tex-Mex began to have more ingredients:

• More varieties of chile;
• Sweet potato;
• Cactus pears (actually coming to Tex-Mex via the South-western food movement);
• Seafood dishes and elements from Mexican cooking far below the northern part of Mexico.

Now that Tex-Mex knows what it is, and is proud of it, it wants to have a cutting edge. Some wags have dubbed this new, evolving cuisine "Nuevo Tex-Mex".

There are some versions still of Tex-Mex restaurants that are "gringo friendly" -- that you can take the folks from Canada or Scotland to, and know that they'll be able to finish their meal. These restaurants are admittedly holdovers from the 1950s, but many people still like this level of Tex-Mex; it's comfort food for them.

Some argue that Tex-Mex is perhaps America's oldest regional cuisine, and date it back to around 1851. That doesn't seem to hold a candle, though, on the regional cooking that was already evolving in New England and in the American south Atlantic coast in the 1600s.

Literature & Lore
Day after day the unblemished sun. It's hot, but still, with a warm welcome, we save hot stuff for the enchilada dinner from down-on-the-border, straight from a Texas kitchen ready to reheat in the home frying pan with a loud 'Yippy-i-ee.' Three tins in the kit. First out, frijoles, the beans prepared with the pulp of red pepper. Next, a tin of enchilada sauce. It's rich, it's red, and it's hot, hotter, hottest. Last, the big tin of tortillas, the flat corn cakes of Old Mexico, ready for frying, 2 dozen, and each paper-thin, 6 inches wide.

Along with the trio of tins come directions for dinner. All you need add are a pair of onions and ½ pound of grated cheese. Get out a couple of skillets, and let's fry tortillas one at a time in shallow, hot fat; they crisp in two seconds. The enchilada sauce is in skillet two and made hot as blazes. Lift the tortillas from hot fat to hot sauce, then out to a cookie sheet. Sprinkle with chopped onion and cheese. When all are fried, stacked, and ready, place and cookie sheetful into a slow oven and bring them forth piping. Serve with a fried or poached egg topping each portion and ladle on the leftover sauce.

Serve the beans hot. Any extra tortillas pass as tostadas. Deep-fried, salted, they accompany the cocktails. The enchilada dinner is advertised as sufficient for six. We say nix, not if you like Mexican fare—then three may eat. The price is $1.90 for the 3-tin set. Order from Valley Canning Company, P. O. Box 31, El Paso, Texas." -- Paddleford, Clementine (1898 - 1967). Food Flashes Column. Gourmet Magazine. August 1948.



TEX-MEX ENCHILADAS

Ready-to-use "hot" spaghetti sauce
2 cups cornmeal
1 teaspoon suit
1 cup all-purpose flour
1/2 cup chopped onion
1 pod garlic, chopped
Whole pepper seed
Grated cheese

Make tortillas by mixing cornmeal and salt, and adding enough spaghetti sauce for stiff dough. Add flour.

Set dough aside for 20 minutes. Wet hands in water, mold dough into balls the size of eggs and pat down into thin cakes. Bake on lightly greased griddle, turning until brown on both sides.

To spaghetti sauce, add pepper seed, onion and garlic. Bring to boil. Serve hot on tortillas, sprinkled with grated cheese.

MRS. RICHARD SWIFT, 2305 41st Street. Galveston.

-- from "Meats, Poultry and Seafood" column. Galveston, Texas: The Galveston News Tribune. 10 November 1957. Cookbook Section, Page 17.

Acknowlegements

Other entries for: Cuisine Pages

Acadian Food, American Food, Australian Food, British Food, Byzantine Food, Canadian Food, Chinese Food, Egypt (Ancient), French Food, German Food, Greece (Ancient), Greek Food, Irish Food, Irish (Northern), Italian Food, Japanese Food, Jewish Food, Medieval Food, Mexican Food, Norwegian Food, Roman Food, Scottish Food, Slow Food, Spanish Food, Tex-Mex Food, Turkish Food, Tuscan Food