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A Rose Hip is the fruit that the rose plant produces. If this strikes you as odd, remember that most plants will try to produce fruit or seeds, and that roses are related to apple trees. So, if you will, the hip is the apple that the rose bush produces.
Though hips produced by any rose plant can be used, some varieties of roses produce better hips for culinary use than others. Some produce hips that have no taste to speak of worth bothering about, and some produce hips so small they aren't worth all the fiddling. Many people suggest that roses from the "Rosa rugosa" varieties are the best, as the plants will produce the tastiest rose hips, and in abundance. Other varieties that often get mentioned as being good or acceptable include Rosa ponifera, Rosa canina, Rosa eglantaria and Rosa californica.
For roses to produce hips, you have to stop deadheading the flowers in August. Don't use hips from roses that have been sprayed or dusted. If any pesticide was used, it must have been labelled as safe for food.
Rose Hips are round, and about the size of a cherry (at least, the ones that most people considering bothering with are.) When young, the hips are green and hard. As they ripen, they soften and change colour to red or orange. After the first frost, they will get brighter in colour, and be softer still. The best flavour comes after a nip of frost.
They are ready to pick when they yield to a bit of a squeeze with your fingers. Don't leave them too long or they will start to dry and wrinkle. Discard any squidgy ones; any that have become wrinkled are starting to dry out and are past it, unless of course you are planning to dry them out anyway for storage. The rule of thumb is, the bigger the better -- very small ones can be all seeds and no pulp. You need a lot of hips to do anything with.
Rose Hips have a very tangy, tart flavour, just as cranberries do. They can be used for making syrup, jams or jellies from. Jellies are a better idea than jam, because with a jelly you get to strain all the seeds out, which are very bitter. To make a jelly from them, you can cook them down, strain them, then use the puréed sauce to make the jelly from.
The syrup ends up being staggeringly high in Vitamin C. The syrup can be used as a drink, mixed into water, or as a dessert sauce.
Cooking Tips
Wash the Hips, and trim off both ends.
When you cut them in half, you will see hairs and seeds in the middle. If you aren't planning to do something that involves straining them, you have to remove the hair and the seeds. Deseeding them and dehairing them is really not worth the bother. The hairs can be quite a skin irritant if they work their way into your fingers; in fact, the hairs used to be used as a base for itching powders, homemade and otherwise. Your hands will feel very itchy after cleaning them. If eaten, they can also irritate the stomach.
For this reason, most people recommend making from them something like jelly or syrup, which you can just strain.
Rose Hips can be dried whole, and used to make a tisane with. To make a tisane, boil dried Rose Hips in water for about 10 minutes. Allow 2 tbsp per 2 cups / 1 pint of water / 500 ml. While being boiled, the Hips will swell and split, letting the water get at the flavour inside. Just pouring boiling water over them won't do the trick; you won't get any taste. Strain well -- remember what the irritating hairs would feel like inside you.
After making tea with the Rose Hips, you can still use them for other things, such as pressing through a sieve for a jelly or sauce.
Nutrition
You might wonder how Rose Hip syrup could be rich in Vitamin C, because we were all taught that boiling vegetables or fruit destroys the Vitamin C in them. That's a very simplistic answer, though. Heat can destroy Vitamin C, and overly prolonged boiling will destroy a good deal of it. However, what happens first is that a good deal of the Vitamin C leeches off into the water. That's not a problem if you are going to be using the water to make a syrup with. After about 80 minutes of boiling Rose Hips, a good deal of the Vitamin C will indeed have leeched into the water, but, about 85% of the Vitamin C will still be in the water -- only about 15% is destroyed. Most recipes for Rose Hip syrups and jellies, though, have you boil the fruit for even less time -- 15 to 20 minutes. Thus, a great deal of the vitamin C will remain available to the body. [Turkish Journal of Botany, 21, (1997), 323-327.]
Vitamin C for vitamin pills is often extracted from Rose Hips.
Storage
You can dry them whole, or cut and clean and then dry.
History
During World War II, both the American and British governments promoted Rose Hip as an easy and accessible source of Vitamin C.
In 1941, the British Ministry of Health organized a scheme for volunteers as part of the War Effort to gather Rose Hips to make syrup from. The Ministry got children to volunteer as well. Children were granted days off school in the fall to go Rose Hip hunting in the hedgerows. The Ministry of Food also published recipes.
Acknowlegements
Yavru, Ilknur and Asim Kadioglu. The Effects of Infusion Temperatures and Times on Vitamin C Content Infused From Fruits of Dog Rose ( Rosa Canina L.). Turkish Journal of Botany, 21, (1997), pp 323-327.
Also called:  Cynorrhodon (French) Hagebutten (German) Escaramujo (Spanish)
Other entries for Hard Fruit
Apples, Apricots, Avocado, Chayote, Citrus Fruit, Guava Fruit, Kiwis, Mangos, Maypop Fruit, Medlars, Melons, Nectarines, Papaya, Passion Fruit, Peaches, Pears, Persimmons, Plums, Pomegranates, Quinces, Red Sorrel, Rose Hips, Sapote, Star Fruit, True Service Fruit
Other entries for Fruit
Bananas, Bletting, Candied Fruit, Dried Fruit, Drupes, Olives, Rhubarb, Soft Fruit
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