    
Pepper
If you are looking for Pepper the vegetable, as in chiles, or red peppers, see entry on Peppers.
Pepper is a spice grows on a vine that grows anywhere from 12 to 20 feet (3.5 to 6 metres.) It has a woody stem, and produces white flowers which in turn produce peppercorns as fruit. Peppercorns start off green, and when ripe, turn red. To make black peppercorns, the berries are gathered while still green, and allowed to dry and ferment. The fungus that causes the fermentation turns them black.
Black Pepper is the strongest. When a recipe calls for Pepper with no additional specification, black ground Pepper is meant. Black Pepper is currently the favourite, though white was the favourite up until the second half of the 1900s. Still, white Pepper is used by more professional chefs than is black Pepper.
If a recipe calls for freshly ground Pepper, just ignore that and use plain old ground if you can't be asked or don't have a Pepper Mill. The mania for freshly-ground Pepper everywhere will soon pass. You can tell it's become an affectation by how often it's specified everywhere for the most trivial of reasons. It is best reserved as a "finishing pepper" for last-minute use at the table.
Besides, we never truly have "fresh" pepper. Peppercorns often are in transit for 6 weeks before they even reach our stores: purists say that you can only truly enjoy fresh pepper on location in places such as India and Malabar, and that the aroma of those that reach us has lost a good deal of its complexity.
Pepper is such a popular spice because it seems to enhance other flavours and not mask them (unless the top falls off the shaker.)
Half the world's pepper (2004) comes from India. As of 2007, Pepper alone is one-quarter of the world's spice consumption.
Cooking Tips
Pepper actually goes nicely with fruit. Freshly ground black Pepper on strawberries really draws out their taste; and black peppercorns in stewed apples or pears cuts through all the sweetness, giving a real zing. This combination of Pepper with sweet was used by the Romans and in Medieval cooking.
Storage
Store in sealed container in a cool, dry, dark place. Whole peppercorns will last indefinitely; ground pepper should last a year.
History
The pepper vine is native to India.
Pepper was used by both the Greek and Roman upper classes. It was such an expensive spice all through history, that in the 5th century the Romans managed to buy off the first round of barbarian hordes at their gates with 3,000 pounds of Pepper. The Romans liked to eat Pepper with fruit. They preferred, however, Long Pepper to Pepper: Pepper was 1/3 the price of Long Pepper in Rome. And, they preferred white pepper to black pepper.
The Guild of Pepperers was founded in 1179 in London. In 1429, they started efforts to restore the purity of Pepper: some unscrupulous merchants had been adulterating it with twigs.
At the beginning of the 1800s, Salem, Massachusetts had become the Pepper trading capital of the world owing to its swift Yankee ships and clever captains. It dominated the Pepper trade in America until the outbreak of the Civil War in 1861. Some of America's first millionaires came from the Pepper trade in Salem.
Language Notes
We owe the confusion over the word Pepper to the Spanish. You'll remember that at the time they discovered the New World, they were actually looking for a trade route to the East that would allow them to bypass all kinds of middlemen to get spices at a better price.
One of the most expensive and desirable spices was Pepper. They didn't find any Pepper plants growing in Central America, but they found chiles, whose taste was hot and spicy like Pepper, so they called them Peppers -- both because of the pungent taste, and because Pepper was a sexy name that would boost up the value of their discovery.
Black pepper's name was inherited from, ultimately, the Sanskrit name for Long Pepper, "pippali."
Acknowlegements
Riedl, Sue. Food lovers turn up the heat on pepper. Toronto, Canada: The Globe and Mail. 12 December 2007.
Also called:  Black Pepper Piper nigrum (Scientific Name) Poivre, Poivre noir (French) Pfeffer, Pfeffer schwarz (German) Pepe (Italian) Pimienta, Pimienta negro (Spanish) Piper (Roman)
See Also
Peppers
Other entries for Pepper
Cubeb, Grains of Paradise, Ground Pepper, Lemon Pepper, Long Pepper, Mignonette, Negro Pepper, Pepato, Peppercorns, Peppers, Szechuan Peppercorns, Tirphal, Uziza Pepper, White Pepper
Other entries for Spices
Ajowan Seed, Allspice, Anardana, Anise, Annatto, Asafoetida, Caraway, Cardamom, Chocolate, Cinnamon, Cloves, Cream of Tartar, Cumin, Dried Lily Buds, Garlic Powder, Ginger, Juniper Berries, Kokum, Mustard, Nigella, Nutmeg, Paprika, Saffron, Salt, Sumac, Turmeric, Zedoary
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