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Nanaimo Bars are a Canadian dessert bar that requires no baking, They are named after Nanaimo, British Columbia.

Essentially, the dessert is a home-made candy bar. The bars can be sweet enough to make your teeth ache.

The bottom layer is Graham wafer crumbs, the middle layer is a custard, the top layer is chocolate.

You can buy them Nanaimo Bars already made in stores, most notably the Safeway Grocery chain in western Canada.

It is probably not that great an exaggeration to say that Nanaimo Bars partly drive the sales of custard powder in Canada. American versions called for instant vanilla pudding, owing to custard powder being hard to find in the United States.

There are many variations now, such as mint, peanut butter, cherry, pina colada and even Grand Marnier, but in everyone's mind, the default bar is always the classic one, and many people wouldn't like anyone messing with it.

Cooking Tips
To cut into Nanaimo Bars without cracking the top layer of chocolate, refrigerate bars until the top chocolate layer is firm -- about an hour. Take two knives, and put them in a measuring jug filled with very hot water (pick one stable enough that won't tip over.) Take the squares out of the fridge. Do a few cuts with one knife, then put it back in the hot water, take the second one out, do a few more cuts, put it back in the hot water, and repeat until you have it all completely cut into squares.

History
A recipe very similar in all but name to Nanaimo Bars of today appeared in 1952 in the The Woman's Auxiliary to the Nanaimo Hospital Cook Book as "Chocolate Slices", submitted by a Mrs. E. MacDougall. (There were also two very similar recipes called Chocolate Squares.) Reputedly, the recipe then next appeared a short while after in the Vancouver Sun newspaper under the name of Nanaimo bars (according to Carol Ferguson in her 1992 book "A Century of Canadian Home Cooking", but sadly Ferguson provides no backup.)

The recipe's next known appearance, under the name "Nanaimo Bars", appears to have been in The Lethbridge Herald" in Alberta in January 1954 (recipe and cite provided in Literature and Lore section below.) The recipe appeared a few years later again under the name Nanaimo Bars (submitted by a Joy Willgress) in "Favorite Recipes, Compiled by the Women's Association of the Brechin United Church" (Nanaimo, British, Columbia. 1957-58; p.52.) It was an exact reprint of the 1952 recipe in the The Woman's Auxiliary cookbook, just with a different name. It appeared with the name Nanaimo Bars in 1958 in the "British Columbia Women's Institute's Centennial Cookbook" (Greenwood Press. Page 171. 1958.)

In 1986, a contest was held by a newspaper in Nanaimo, British Columbia, to find the best Nanaimo Bar recipe. The contest was encouraged by the mayor at the time, Graeme Roberts. He recorded in 1986 how he got the idea:

"And just to put the record straight it wasn't a meeting with the mayor of New York that prompted all of this. In 1985, I was in Seoul, Korea, on a trade mission with B.C. premier Bill Bennett and a group of business executives. Returning to the hotel one evening after dinner, I walked into the newsstand and started talking to a woman there about what part of the world we were each from. When I told her I was from Nanaimo, B.C., she responded, 'Is that where Nanaimo bars are from?'

'Of course,' I said. Turns out that she was the cooking editor of The Los Angeles Times, so she began to ask me about the source of Nanaimo bars, the true recipe and where and when they had come into being.

Even as mayor and having resided in Nanaimo for a number of years, I was unable to answer most of her questions. However, I promised her I would not only send her the information but would accompany it with the 'Ultimate Nanaimo Bar Recipe.' Upon my return to Nanaimo, I convinced city council to join me in staging the search." [1]

The ensuing contest was won by a Joyce Hardcastle. Her recipe differed in a few small ways from that given by the Women's Association of the Brechin United Church in 1957, which was itself a copy of the The Woman's Auxiliary recipe in 1952. Graeme Roberts declared Hardcastle's recipe to be the "Official" recipe.

Where, though, was the recipe before 1952?

Nanaimo Bars are not mentioned at all in "Nanaimo, A Short History" by Patricia M. Johnson (first published 1958, revised 1974) which despite modestly setting itself as "short" was actually quite comprehensive. It's odd that in 1974 Johnson didn't feel that Nanaimo Bars were significant enough to mention, given that she laboured over every aspect of this British Columbia's town's history, covering even its quirky continuing observance of Guy Fawke's Day on the edge of the Pacific. It may be that in 1958, and even in the mid-1970s when she revised her history, that the bars just did not figure that highly in the town's consciousness as they do now, if only because they may have been a "homemaker's" thing that the chattering classes of the town did not pay attention to or esteem very highly.

Some of the wilder stories about the origin of Nanaimo Bars have the bars being made in England, and being sent by post to relatives working in Nanaimo's coal mines. Writers who spread this about probably wouldn't if they connected some dots. The coal mines in Nanaimo had their hey-day in the second half of the 1800s, and this is when the workers immigrated over from England. At a time well before refrigerated parcel shipping, any such recipe must have been a substantially different one for the custard filling not to spoil and the chocolate not to melt in the long transit.

To make Nanaimo Bars requires refrigeration, or at least, an icebox. But, with space in an icebox at a premium, the squares probably wouldn't have become popular until more people had proper electrical refrigerators. Figures for Canada are unavailable, but it was only in 1930 that in America refrigerators had come down enough in price to start outselling iceboxes. Before then, an ordinary household would only have regarded one as a pipe-dream.

Investigations into the origins of Nanaimo Bars appear to centre about the following list of names:

Chocolate Fridge Cake		This recipe is often bandied about as a possible first version of Nanaimo Bars. Writers quoting it will say that it possibly appeared in a 1930 copy of the Vancouver Sun newspaper, but as no date is given, let alone the recipe, it is impossible to compare how close the recipe is to what we know as Nanaimo Bars. With a date of 1930, though, it's surprising it wouldn't have been called "Chocolate Icebox Cake", given how low the penetration of fridges was in Canada at that point.
Dominoes		Reputedly, a Dairy Food Service Bureau (though it's suspiciously never stated which one -- for a company? for a government?) gave a slightly modified version of a recipe called "Dominoes", saying that the middle layer of filling should be piped on in dots, so that when the bars were sliced, a domino pattern would appear -- but given the directions are for the bars to be sliced sideways, not horizontally, it's difficult to know how this would work visually, even if it were a Nanaimo Bar precursor.
Miracle Bars		"Miracle Bars" is mentioned occasionally as the name of a recipe that is the same as Nanaimo Bars. Practically Edible has found no evidence of such recipes.
New York Slice		New York Slice is often quoted as an alternative name, but Practically Edible has only been able to find 1 or 2 instances of "New York Slice" that doesn't involve pepperoni, and those are in passages mentioning them as alternative names to Nanaimo Bars, but with no recipes provided. People in New York seem completely unaware of any square by this name.
Ribbon Squares		No evidence has been found or provided to back the occasional assertion of this as an alternative name.
Smog Bars		See below. Variants also exist as "London Smog Bars" and "London Fog Bars". The recipes, however, are identical to Nanaimo Bars.

One person however, may have the definitive answer, or as definitive as it's going to get, as to where Nanaimo Bars come from.

That person is the undisputed queen of Canadian squares, Jean Paré. Published in April 1981, her first cookbook , called "Company's Coming: 150 Delicious Squares", has sold over 1 million copies as of 2006. Jean was born in 1927 in Irma, Alberta, population 250, and spent the first 20 years of her life there until 1947. Writing of those years, Jean says categorically that what people now call Nanaimo Bars used to be called "Smog Bars":

• "A pan of smog bars would always be good to have with coffee, and when they had company coming, there'd be deep apple pie." [2]
• "Nanaimo Bars were originally called smog bars, and everybody made them: graham-cracker crust, cocoa, Bird's Eye custard in the filling. My Grandma Locke [3] made smog bars, so did my mother." [4]

The evidence of Jean Paré, as reputable and sharp a witness as there can be to squares in Canada, dates what are now-called Nanaimo Bars back to at least the late 1920s, early 1930s in Alberta.

Perhaps alternative names of "London Smog Bars" and "London Fog Bars" somehow created in someone's fanciful mind the tale of the bars being sent to coal miners from England.

A missing piece is how the recipe ended up acquiring the name of Nanaimo Bars by the mid-1950s. Until then, it might almost seem more historically accurate to call them "Irma, Alberta Bars" than "Nanaimo Bars", or in fact, just plain Smog Bars.


[1] Roberts, Graeme. Letter to the editor of the National Post (Toronto: Canada) , published Friday, 7 July 2006, in response to "The Woman Behind The Official Recipe", National Post, 30 June 2006.
[2] Schultz, Judy. Jean Paré: An Appetite for Life. Edmonton, Alberta: Company's Company Publishing Limited. 2006. Page 19.
[3] The biography notes (Ibid., page 11) that her grandmother Amy Locke, originally from Prince Edward Island, had "the luxury of a refrigerator", no doubt an aid in making refrigerated no-bake desserts.
[4] Ibid., page 79.

Literature & Lore
"NANAIMO BARS
1/2 cup butter
1/4 cup granulated sugar
5 tablespoons cocoa
1 teaspoon vanilla
1 egg
2 cups graham wafer crumbs
1 cup coconut
1/2 cup chopped walnuts

Place softened butter, sugar, cocoa, vanilla and egg in bowl. Set the bowl in a dish of boiling water. Stir well until butter has melted and mixture resembles thin custard.

Combine graham wafer crumbs, coconut and nuts, blending well. Add to custard mixture. Pack evenly in 9-inch square pan, spread with icing.

Icing – Cream 1/4 cup butter, add 3 tablespoons milk which has been combined with 2 tablespoons vanilla custard powder. Blend in 2 cups icing sugar. Spread over chocolate base, let stand about 15 minutes or so to harden somewhat.

Then melt 4 square semi-sweet chocolate with 1 tablespoon butter and spread over custard icing. When set, cut into bars."

-- The Herald's Daily Recipe column. Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada: The Lethbridge Herald. Monday, 19 January 1954. Page 11.



"One of the most popular dainty recipes around appears to be the one requested by Mrs. R.T. She called it a New York slice. Many readers sent in answers to her request, but it goes by such a variety of names (Nanaimo Bars, Parksville Squares, Duncan Bars) I've simply named it: POPULAR CHOCOLATE SLICES."

-- Larson, Evelyn. The Kitchen Hot Line. Winnipeg, Manitoba. Winnipeg Free Press. Saturday, 30 April 1977. Page 25.



Language Notes
Nanaimo is a city on the south-east coast of Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada, on the Strait of Georgia.

Acknowlegements

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